Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) are medical emergencies that require immediate recognition and a structured management approach to prevent mortality. These flashcards are designed to help pharmacists and healthcare professionals quickly recall the diagnostic criteria, precipitating factors, and critical treatment steps outlined in the 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines.
Key Topics Covered:
Diagnostic Criteria: Differentiating DKA from HHS based on arterial pH, anion gap, serum bicarbonate, and plasma osmolality.
Treatment Priorities: Memorizing the strict “order of operations” for management: Fluid resuscitation (ECFV restoration) first, followed by potassium correction, and then insulin.
Precipitating Factors: Identifying common triggers such as infection, insulin omission, myocardial infarction, and medications like SGLT2 inhibitors.
Euglycemic DKA: Recognizing that DKA can occur with normal or mildly elevated blood glucose levels, particularly in pregnancy or with SGLT2 inhibitor use.
Sick Day Management: Reviewing patient counselling points for illness, including the frequency of blood glucose/ketone monitoring and hydration protocols.